Conférence 2008 du « World e-Parliament » : brefs commentaires
La Conférence
2008 du « World e-Parliament » a eu lieu au parlement européen à
Bruxelles les 25-26 et 27 novembre 2008.
On trouvera en
annexe les documents mis en ligne
Quelques commentaires sur la « Conference
brochure » :
World e-Parliament Conference 2008 -
Background Document (English, French, Spanish)
et les
« guidelines » pour les sites Web parlementaires ( en anglais, en français
et en espagnol)
http://www.ictparliament.org/worldeparliamentconference2008/documentation/EN_guidelines.pdf
http://www.ictparliament.org/worldeparliamentconference2008/documentation/FR_guidelines.pdf
http://www.ictparliament.org/worldeparliamentconference2008/documentation/ES_guidelines.pdf
- Les outils de traduction
automatique ou tout au moins d’aide à la traduction sont très importants pour
bon nombre de parlements en Europe. Lire RM&T
et les billets sur le multilinguisme. Lire aussi « trop de langues peuvent
tuer le multilinguisme. »
- La chaîne de l’auteur à
l’éditeur en ligne ou traditionnel en passant par le légiste, le traducteur
doit être considérée comme un tout. Ce n’est qu’ainsi que les sites
parlementaires multilingues seront viables et relativement économiques. Lire
les billets de ce blog sur le thème (catégorie) du multilinguisme
et notamment sur les sites
web multilingues
- La ré-utilisation des
informations et documents du secteur public notamment par l’adoption des
standards neutres et ouverts doit être possible de façon automatique par les
partenaires privés ou publics (parlements européen, nationaux, régionaux,
administrations, ONG. Voir à cet égard l’expérience poursuivie par www.OpenCongress.org aux Etats-Unis ,
les flux
RSS au Royaume Uni et une étude universitaire sur les données
réutilisables
- Les mesures d’audience, le
suivi de la qualité du service rendu en ligne (non pas du point du vue du
« serveur » mais selon celui de l’usager Internet, l’affichage des
budgets concernés sont des éléments de transparence des parlements. Eux aussi
Ces derniers doivent aussi rendre compte (« accountability ») voir le
rapport
du UK NAO et bien d’autres billets sur le thème de l’audience.
- La messagerie n’est pas le
seul outil de communication à double sens. De nouvelles méthodes, de nouveaux
services appelés « web 2.0 » (réseaux sociaux, blogs, wikis, twitter,
vidéo… ) sont apparus et sont utilisés ou au moins expérimentés par certaines
administrations et parlements. Même si le rêve d’une eDemocracy est peut-être
une chimère, une plus grande participation, implication ne le sont pas. Lire eGOV AU, les enseignements
des récentes élections américaines, et
la démocratie électronique en débat
- La vidéo, le téléphone
mobile et le « webcasting » (fort prisés par les jeunes électeurs)
sont des média à utiliser (YouTube,
DailyMotion …). Lire aussi WebTV
du Parlement européen
Source Europarl, un bref
compte-rendu sur cette Conférence http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/public/story_page/040-42863-329-11-48-906-20081120STO42708-2008-24-11-2008/default_fr.htm
Source:
Inter-Parliamentary Union http://www.ipu.org/english/surveys.htm
Some publications:
Evaluating parliament: A self-assessment
toolkit for parliaments (2008)
French
version: Outils d’auto-évaluation
à l’intention des parlements (2008)
Equality in politics: a survey of women and men
in parliaments (2008)
Women in Politics: 2008
(poster)
World e-Parliament Report 2008
(2008)
Report of the World e-Parliament Conference
2007
First meeting of parliamentary bodies dealing
with gender equality (2007)
Law and Justice: The Case for Parliamentary
Scrutiny (2007)
Annual 2006 session of the Parliamentary
Conference on the WTO (2007)
The challenge of broadcasting parliamentary
proceedings (2007)
Glossary in
eParticipation
Source : http://www.demo-net.org/what-is-it-about/glossary/referencemanual-all-pages
Common definitions of terms that are used in
eParticipation contexts are collected. The glossary terms are derived from
joint discussion in DEMO-net ( http://www.demo-net.org
). You can further contribute to shaping definitions of terms via the DEMO-net
Wiki (registration required).
1. A
1.1. Accessibility
As usability, but
specific focus on users with special needs, overcoming digital divide in terms
of techni-cal constraints for certain groups, etc. Especially Web Accessibility
Initiative (WAI) guidelines and pub-lic sector responsibilities to implement
barrier-free access.
1.2. Adaptive system
Adaptive
Systems employ adaptivity by manipulating the link structure or by altering the
presentation of information, based on a basis of a dynamic understanding of the
individual user, represented in a user model.
1.3. Adaptivity
adaptivity
Adaptivity
is a particular functionality that alleviates navigational difficulties by
distinguishing between interactions of different users within the information
space.
1.4. Agent technology
An
agent is able to act, is autonomous, proactive, communicates with others, and
perceives its environ-ment. An agent can determine which behaviour to follow
(depending on its goals, its internal state and its knowledge from the
environment) and not because someone else forces to do something.
Applying agents enables quite naturally to: (1) capture deeper constraints on
what services are willing to offer, thereby capturing richer requirements for
service composition, (2) discover trustworthy services, (3) negotiate within
teams of providers and (4) judge the compliance of service providers with their
contracts regarding specific compositions.
1.5. Argumentation support
system
Argumentation
Support Systems are computer software for helping people to participate in
various kinds of goal-directed dialogues in which arguments are exchanged.
2. B
3. C
3.1. Channel
A
means for users to contact public administrations (inbound) or for public
administrations to contact their users (outbound) with the aim of acquiring or
delivering public services as the use of web based technologies, telephony,
paper media or face-to-face contacts; applications of these technologies such
as the internet, eMail, SMS, call centres or the counter; and devices to access
the applications such as a personal computer, mobile phone, kiosk or digital
TV.
3.2. Community system
Systems,
which enable groups of people with a common interest (issue or locality-based)
to work together to influence change. They usually involve content management
systems and discussion forums. Often, they include quick polls, and may also
exist as email lists.
See
also: Tools/Virtual Communities,
4. D
4.1. Data exchange standard
Data
exchange means the problem to transforming the data structured under a schema
(the source schema), into data structured under another schema (the target
schema). Unlike data integration means the synthesis from data of different
source schemas into one virtual source schema; virtual because the data remain
in the sources.
Source(s):DEMO_net.
Interoperability requirements and standards in eParticipation. Deliverable,
DEMO_net Consortium, to appear in 2008.
4.2. Document management
system
DMS
Document
Management Systems (DMS) are computer systems that focus on the management of
electronic documents of any format. The classical case is the archiving. DMS
are used primarily for internal purposes (i.e. managing the electronic
documents of an organisation or department) rather than for presenting the
documents for public consumption.
See
also: Tools/Content management systems
5. E
5.1. Empowerment
Empowerment
refers to the placement of the final decision in the hands of the public, e.g.
legally binding referenda.
5.2. ePetition
ePetition
means the use of the Internet to launch a petition on a matter of general
interest with the invitation to support it. A petition will be automatically
submitted to the Parliaments.
See also:
Tools/ePetition tools
Source(s):DEMO_net.
Interoperability requirements and standards in eParticipation. Deliverable,
DEMO_net Consortium, to appear in 2008.
6. F
6.1. Folksonomy
A
folksonomy means a keyword based classification system with subjectively
selected keywords from the person that creates it (c.f. tags). See also: Technologies/Web 2.0 principle
7. G
7.1. Government to Business
g2b
Abbreviation
to indicate interaction among government bodies and business section actors.
7.2. Government to citizens
g2c
Abbreviation
to indicate interaction among government bodies and individual citizens and
citizen groups.
7.3. Government to government
g2g
Government
to government communication.
7.4. Government to non
profit/governmental organisations
g2n
Abbreviation
to indicate the interaction among government bodies and non governmental
organisations (NGOs) or non profit organisations (NPOs).
7.5. Geographic information
system
GIS
Web
applications that support information provision and discussion of on the basis
of geographical information (usually in the form of an interactive map). To
this purpose they may use satellite data. They are used for participation in
planning and in environmental consultations. They are also used for citizens to
inform local authority of specific problems.
Source(s):DEMO-net. DEMO-net Deliverable 5.1:
Report on current ICTs to enable Participation. Deliverable, DEMO-net
Consortium, 4 2006.
DEMO-net. DEMO-net Deliverable 13.1:
Development methods and support environments to build eParticipation tools.
Deliverable, DEMO-net Consortium, 2007.
7.6. Groupware systems
Groupware
is defined as computer-based systems that support groups of people engaged in
collaborative tasks.Groupware technologies provide an interface to a shared
environment, which may combine diverse technologies towards a comprehensive
toolset, e.g.: videoconferencing, instant messaging, email, wiki, blogs, etc.
Groupware can be divided into three categories: electronic communication tools,
electronic conferencing tools, collaborative management tools. Groupware in
general is strongly related to the research domain of Computer Supported
Cooperative Work (CSCW).
8. H
9. I
9.1. Information and
communication technology
ICT
ICT is
an umbrella term including all technologies regarding information and
communication as e.g. Internet, multi media, etc.
9.2. Interoperability
Interoperability
means the ability of ICT systems and of the business processes they support to
exchange data, use the exchanged data and to enable the sharing of information
and knowledge.
With a more technical focus, it means the capability to communicate, execute
programs, or transfer data among various functional units in a manner that
requires the user to have little or no knowledge of those units
Source(s):DEMO_net. Interoperability requirements and standards in eParticipation.
Deliverable, DEMO_net Consortium, to appear in 2008.
European Commission. European Interoperability Framework for pan-European
eGovernment services. Brochure, European Commission, 2004.
10. J
11. K
12. L
13. M
13.1. Mash-up
The
term mash-up refers to a new breed of Web-based applications created by hackers
and programmers, to mixing at least two different services of disparate or even
competing websites. A mash-up, for example, may overlay traffic data from one
source in the Internet over maps from Yahoo, Microsoft, Google or any content
provider.
See
also: Technologies/Web 2.0 principle
Source(s): DEMO_net. The role of Web 2.0
technologies in eParticipation. Booklet, DEMO_net Consortium, 12 2007.
13.2. Metadata
Metadata
are “data about data” or “information about information” and are used to
facilitate the understanding, use and management of any web resources such as
data, graphics, documents, videos, software etc. Metadata are specifically
important to facilitate and improve searching in the web.
Source(s):DEMO_net.
Interoperability requirements and standards in eParticipation. Deliverable,
DEMO_net Consortium, to appear in 2008.
13.3. Moderation
In
chat rooms and online forums moderation is often used to control any disruptive
behaviour. E.g. forum entries are only visible for others, if they are reviewed
and released by the moderator of the forum.
14. N
15. O
15.1. Ontology engineering
Ontology
Engineering refers to the set of activities that concern the ontology
development process, the ontology lifecycle and the methodologies, tools and
languages for building ontologies.
See also: Technologies/Ontology
Source(s):DEMO_net. DEMO_net Deliverable 5.2:
eParticipation: The potential of new and emerging technologies. Deliverable,
DEMO_net Consortium, 9 2007.
15.2. Open source software
OSS
The
code of OSS is open and free. There are many different licence models that
explicitly regulate the distribution and use of such software.
For
more information see the Open Source Observatory and Repository for European public administrations. The
OSOR provides a platform for the exchange of information, experiences and
FLOSS-based code for the use in public administrations.
Source(s): DEMO_net. DEMO_net Deliverable 5.1:
Report on current ICTs to enable Participation. Deliverable, DEMO_net
Consortium, 4 2006.
15.3. Open standard
The
development of an open standard occurs on the basis of an open decision making
procedure. The standard is adopted, has been published and a standard
specification document is available for free or at a nominal charge. The
copying, distribution and using of the standard must be permissible for no fee
or at a nominal fee.
Source(s): DEMO_net. Interoperability requirements and standards in
eParticipation. Deliverable, DEMO_net Consortium, to appear in 2008.
European Commission. European Interoperability Framework for pan-European
eGovernment services. Brochure, European Commission, 2004.
16. P
16.1. Privacy enhancing tools
Privacy-enhancing
technologies are a collection of ICT to enhance the protection of personal
data, which flows over global public networks.
Source(s): DEMO-net. DEMO-net Deliverable 5.1:
Report on current ICTs to enable Participation. Deliverable, DEMO-net
Consortium, 4 2006.
17. Q
18. R
18.1. Rich/rdf/really site
summary feeds
RSS feeds
RSS is
an acronym that corresponds to one of the following standards, depending on the
RSS version that you speak about: Really Simple Syndication (RSS 2.0), Rich
Site Summary (RSS 0.9x), RDF Site Summary (RSS 0.9 and 1.0)
RSS files are also called “RSS feeds” or “RSS channels” and are XML text-based
files used for serving users’ frequently updated content. RSS files contain a
list of items. Each item contains a title, a summary, a link to a URL and
sometimes other information such as the date or the creator’s name. RSS files
are utilised by news-sites or any other websites that offer
reverse-chronologically ordered information
Source(s):DEMO_net. The role of Web 2.0
technologies in eParticipation. Booklet, DEMO_net Consortium, 12 2007.
19. S
19.1. Social network
The
term social network has been used systematically to denote patterns of
connections in societies.
Social network theory focuses on the chains of relationships that social actors
communicate and act within. These relationships can be described in terms of
nodes and ties - where nodes are the individual actors within the social
networks, and ties are the relationships between the actors.
Social network theory differs from some traditional sociological studies which
take as their starting points the attributes and actions of individual actors.
Social network theory produces an alternate view, where individuals are less
important than their relationships, and their ties with other individuals.
Source(s): DEMO_net. The role of Social
networking software in eParticipation. Booklet, DEMO_net Consortium, 12 2007.
19.2. Social networking
software
Social
computing and social networking software describe aspects of technology-enabled
social networking. Social networking services provide ways for people to locate
each other, to provide information about themselves (and various other forms of
content), to interact in various ways for various (often unspecified) purposes,
to overcome networking barriers such as geography, different time zones and
language, and to maintain contact over time. Examples include LinkedIn,
Facebook, MySpace, YouTube, Flickr, Second Life, etc.
Source(s): DEMO_net. The role of Social
networking software in eParticipation. Booklet, DEMO_net Consortium, 12 2007.
19.3. Standard
Standards
are usually formal documents that are established and approved by a recognized
body. Standards provide instrumental parts, procedures, processes or products
to guarantee that interlocked products work together correctly.
Source(s): DEMO_net. Interoperability requirements and standards in
eParticipation. Deliverable, DEMO_net Consortium, to appear in 2008.
19.4. Streaming media
Streaming
media technologies offer a wide range of functionalities to create and
implement entire multimedia services combining graphics, animation and sound.
These enable to listen to audio and video over the Web, both pre-recorded and
live.
Source(s): DEMO_net. DEMO_net Deliverable 5.1:
Report on current ICTs to enable Participation. Deliverable, DEMO_net
Consortium, 4 2006.
20. T
20.1. Tag
A tag
is a keyword linked with an element such as a website, a picture or a video, as
a mean of classification. The classification system is not formal as tags are
selected subjectively, from the person that creates it. This style of
classification is called “folksonomy” (instead of taxonomy), in order to
describe a collaborative categorization of sites, using labels and tags.
Source(s):DEMO_net. The role of Web 2.0
technologies in eParticipation. Booklet, DEMO_net Consortium, 12 2007.
20.2. Taxonomy
A
taxanomy creates a relationship between the classification criteria, and
therefore can be considered as a multidimensional space, where each crieterion
corresponds to a dimension.
20.3. Text messaging
Text
messaging is primarily known in two forms - the Short Message Service (SMS)
from mobile phones, and its instant messaging (IM) counterpart from the
internet. In practice the two are heavily interconnected; SMS gateways exist to
connect mobile SMS services with instant message (IM) services, the world wide
web, desktop computers, and even landline telephones (through speech
synthesis). Text messaging is most commonly used for person to person
synchronous communication, but overlaps with chat systems, where many users can
participate. It is commonly found integrated with many other services, such as
conference, voice and email.
Source(s): DEMO_net. The role of Social
networking software in eParticipation. Booklet, DEMO_net Consortium, 12 2007.
21. U
All content for U
21.1. Usability
How
can systems be designed to meet the users’ needs and expectations in respect to
their specific skills, contexts, purposes … referring to Human Computer
Interface (HCI), Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI), ‘one size fits all’
problem for heterogeneous stakeholder groups etc.
22. V
23. W
23.1. Web service
A web
service is a software program identified by an URI (Uniform Resource
Identifier), which can be accessed via the Internet through an interface that
is publicly available. The interface description declares the operations which
can be performed by the service, the types of messages being exchanged during
the interaction with the service, and the physical location of ports, where
information should be exchanged.
Source(s):DEMO_net. DEMO_net Deliverable 5.2:
eParticipation: The potential of new and emerging technologies. Deliverable,
DEMO_net Consortium, 9 2007.
24. X
25. Y
26. Z
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